Condition

Location

Symptoms

Recommended Footwear

Toe Pain

Corns and calluses

Around toes, usually little toe, bottom of feet or areas exposed to friction.

Hard, dead, yellowish skin.

Wide (box-toed) shoes; soft cushions under heel or ball of foot or customized or gel insoles for calluses. Doughnut-shaped pads for corns.

Ingrown toenails

Toenails.

Nail curling into skin causes pain, swelling, and, in extreme cases, infection.

Sandals, open-toed shoes.

Bunions and bunionettes (tailors bunion)

Big toe (bunions) or little toe (bunionettes).

Bunions consist of three components, which can occur alone or in combination:

Metatarsus primus varus. The first (big toe) metatarsal bone shifts away from the second, and the big toe points inward.

Medial exotosis. This is a bony bump at the base of the big toe, which protrudes outward. Area next to bony bump is red, tender, occasionally filled with fluid. Toe joint may be inflamed.

Hallux valgus. This is a deformity in which the bone and joint of the big toe shift and grow inward, so that the second toe crosses over it.

Soft, wide-toed shoes or sandals. Bunion shields or splints. Thick doughnut-shaped moleskin pads, custom-made orthotics or foot slings if necessary. Avoid shoes with stitching along the side of the "bump."

Mortons neuroma (also called interdigital neuroma)

Inflammation of the nerve between the third and fourth toes and bottom of foot near these toes.

Cramping and burning pain, or electric-shock sensation. The condition may produce a thick protective sheath around the nerve that feels like a ball. This may be detected by pressing top to bottom using one hand and with the other hand pressing on the top of the foot and moving it from side to side. Aggravated by prolonged standing and relieved by the removal of the shoes and forefoot massage.

Wide (box-toed) shoes. Orthotic or insole with pad that reduces stress on the painful area.

Hammertoe or clawtoe

Usually second toe but may develop in any or all of the three middle toes.

Toes form hammer or claw shape. In hammertoe, the first knuckle of the toe is mainly affected. In clawtoe the entire toe is deformed. No pain at first, increasing as tendon becomes tighter and toes stiffen.

Wide (box-toed) shoes. Toe pads or specially designed shields, splints, caps, or slings. (Splints or slings not for people with diabetes.)

Front-of-the-Foot Pain

Metatarsalgia

Ball of the foot.

Acute, recurrent, or chronic pain without a known cause.

Wide (box-toed) shoes. Orthotic with pad that reduces metatarsal pressure. Gel cushions. Metatarsal bandage.

Stress fracture

Most often in the area beneath the second or third toe.

Sudden pain when injury occurs, which persists.

Low-heeled shoes with stiff soles.

Sesamoiditis

Ball of foot beneath big toe.

Pain and swelling.

Low-heeled shoe with stiff sole and soft padding inside.

Heel and Back-of-the-Foot Pain

Plantar fasciitis and/or heel spurs

Back of the arch right in front of heel.

At onset, some people report a tearing or popping sound. Pain, most severe with first steps after getting out of bed, decreasing after stretching, returning after inactivity.

Over-the-counter foot insole (cut quarter-size hole surrounding painful area). Possible night splints. Orthotics if necessary.

Bursitis of the heel

Center of the heel.

Pain, with warmth and swelling. Increases during the day.

Heel cup.

Haglunds deformity (pump bump)

Fleshy area on the back of the heel.

Tender swelling aggravated by shoes with stiff backs.

Soft shoes. Heel pads. Possible orthotic to support heel.

Achilles tendinitis

Achilles tendon: area along the back between calf muscles and heel.

Pain worsens during physical activities (particularly running) after which the tendon usually swells and stiffens. If it ruptures, popping sound may occur followed by acute pain similar to a blow at the back of the leg.

Insoles, tendon strap, heel cups.

Arch and Bottom-of-the Foot Pain

Tarsal tunnel syndrome

Anywhere along the bottom of the foot.

Numbness, tingling, or burning sensations, pain, most commonly felt at night.

Specially designed orthotics to relieve pressure.

Flat feet or posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD)

The arch.

No arch. Often no pain or discomfort. Three stages in PTTD:

Pain and weakness in the tendon.

The arch flattens but is still flexible.

The foot becomes rigid and possibly painful at the ankle. Sometimes people report fatigue, pain, or stiffness in the feet, legs, and lower back.

For children, possible custom-made insoles.

High arches (hollow feet)

The arch.

High arches. Lower back pain, possible tendency to lower limb injuries.